学生联盟网为您提供优质参考范文! 体会工作报告法律咨询精彩演讲各类材料
当前位置: 学生联盟网 > 高等教育 > 经济学 > 嘉峪关长城 《嘉峪关长城》1100字

嘉峪关长城 《嘉峪关长城》1100字

时间:2019-09-22 09:17:25 来源:学生联盟网
作文一:《嘉峪关长城》1100字

嘉峪关长城[1],在嘉峪关市区西南6公里处,位于嘉峪关最狭窄的山谷中部,城关两侧的城墙横穿沙漠戈壁,北连黑山悬壁长城,南接天下第一墩,是明代万里长城最西端的关口,以巍峨壮观著称于世,被誉为“天下雄关” 自古为河西第一隘口。

关城始建于明洪武五(1372年)年因地势险要,建筑雄伟而有天下第一雄关连陲锁钥之称。它由内城、外城、城壕三道防线组成重叠并守之势,形成五里一燧,十里一墩,三十里一堡,一百里一城的军事防御体系。现在关城以内城为主,周长640万平方米,面积2.5万平方米,城高10.7米,以黄土夯筑而成,西侧以砖包墙,雄伟坚固。内城有东西两门,东为光化门意为紫气东升,光华普照;西为柔远门意为以怀柔而致远,安定西陲。在两门外各有一瓮城围护,嘉峪关内城墙上还建有箭楼、敌楼、角楼、阁楼、闸门楼共十四座。嘉峪关关城是长城众多关城中保存最为完整的一座。

嘉峪关位于河西走廊中西结合部(中部偏西),距今已有631年的历史。它比山海关早建九年。明初,宋国公、征虏大将军冯胜在班师凯旋途中,选址在河西走廊中部,东连酒泉、西接玉门、背靠黑山、南临祁连的咽喉要地——嘉峪塬西麓建关。关城始建于明洪武五年(1372年),历时168年,于1540年建成完工。正如史料《秦边纪略》所记:“初有水而后置关,有关而后建楼,有楼而后筑长城,长城筑而后可守也”。嘉峪关关城布局合理,建筑得法。关城有三重城郭,多道防线,城内有城,城外有壕,形成重城并守之势。它由:内城、瓮城、罗城、城壕及三座三层三檐歇山顶式高台楼阁建筑和城壕、长城峰台等组成。内城是关城的主体和中心,其周长640米,面积2.5万平方米。内城东西二门外,都有瓮城回护,面积各有500余平方米。瓮城门均向南开,西瓮城西面,筑有罗城,罗城城墙正中面西设关门,门楣上题“嘉峪关”三字。关城内现有的建筑主要有游击将军府、官井、关帝庙、戏台和文昌阁。

嘉峪关关城依山傍水,扼守南北宽约15公里的峡谷地带,该峡谷南部的讨赖河谷,又构成关防的天然屏障。嘉峪关附近烽燧、墩台纵横交错,关城东、西、南、北、东北各路共有墩台66座。嘉峪关地势天成,攻防兼备,与附近的长城、城台、城壕、烽燧等设施构成了严密的军事防御体系。

嘉峪关位于甘肃省河西走廊的西端,东经98°17′、北纬39°47′,甘肃嘉峪关市向西5公里处,是明长城西端的第一重关,也是古代“丝绸之路”的交通要冲。嘉峪关市区西南6公里处,位于嘉峪关最狭窄的山谷中部,地势最高的嘉峪山上,城关两翼的城墙横穿沙漠戈壁,向北8公里连黑山悬壁长城,向南7公里,是明代万里长城西端主宰。嘉峪关关城,位于嘉峪关最狭窄的山谷中部,地势最高的嘉峪山上,城关两翼的城墙横穿沙漠戈壁。嘉峪关以地势险要,巍峨壮观著称于世。

作文二:《长城嘉峪关联》800字

二崤虎口夸天险

九折羊肠确地雄

注:嘉峪关,位于甘肃省河西走廊中部稍偏西,嘉峪关市西约7公里。明洪武五年(公元1372年),征虏大将军冯胜奉明太祖朱元璋御旨,在祁连山与黑山之间的嘉峪塬上建嘉峪关,土城周长726米,有关无楼,以后又逐渐建了大小楼阁十余座,雕梁画栋,五彩缤纷,雄伟壮观,成为明代万里长城的重关,号称“天下雄关”。

磨砖砌就鱼磷瓦

五彩装成碧玉楼

注:明正德二年(公元15XX年),嘉峪关内城修建竣工,负责这项工程的肃州卫嘉峪关承信校尉王镇立一碑,题为“嘉峪关碣记”。记载了明正德元年(公元15XX年)秋八月到次年春二月肃州兵备道副使李端澄(河南武陟人,进士)重建关城和东西二楼暨官厅、夷厂、仓库等情况。碣右侧刻七言诗一首,这是其中的两句。

嘉峪关戏楼对联

离合悲欢演往事

愚贤忠佞认当场

注:嘉峪关戏楼,在嘉峪关外城,明代有戏楼,清乾隆五十七年(公元1792年)五月重建,对联砖雕在戏台两侧。

嘉峪关·魏炳蔚题

时雨助王师直教万里昆仑争迎马迹

春风怀帝力且喜十年帷幄重握刀环

注:此联原悬挂在嘉峪关戏台前台的木格上,现悬挂于重建之关帝庙内。

洪亮吉诗句摘联

嘉峪关前夕雾收

布隆吉后晓星浮

注:(1)布隆吉,今甘肃省安西县境内,清代曾置柳沟卫于此。

(2)此联摘自洪亮吉《行抵伊犁追忆遭中闻见率赋六首》中头两句。

林则徐题联

桐荫睡鹤观调息

雪夜图蕉得画禅

注:1842年10月19日林则徐在流放新疆途中来到肃州(今甘肃酒泉),此间偶遇与他同在嘉庆年间考中进士的云州,故友重逢,书赠这副对联。对联右上方题“云州四兄大人同年清鉴”,右下方题“少穆弟林则徐”。此联现存于嘉峪关。

酒泉市酒泉亭左宗棠对联

中圣人之清,有如此水

取醉翁之意,以名吾亭

注:(1)左宗棠(公元1812--1885年),湖南湘阴人,字季高,一字朴存,举人出身,清同治五年(公元1866年)任陕甘总督,为钦差大臣,督办陕甘军务,清同治十二年(公元1873年)到达肃州。

(2)中圣人,古代对酒的隐称。曹魏时,曹操禁酒甚严。当时人讳说酒字,把清酒叫圣人,浊酒叫贤人。尚书郎徐邈私饮沉醉,对人称中圣人,犹言清酒。

作文三:《长城饮马嘉峪关》3100字

“长城饮马寒宵月,古戍盘雕大漠风。”嘉峪关,位于河西走廊的西端,南有终年积雪的祁连山,北靠起伏连绵的马鬃山, 东接酒泉,西通敦煌,地势险峻,建筑雄伟, 素有“中外钜防”、“河西第一隘口”之称;嘉峪关,是明代万里长城的西部起点,是明代建造规模最为壮观,保存程度最为完好有着重要历史地位的一座古代军事城堡,丝路咽喉,西域重镇,因而又有“天下雄关”之称;嘉峪关,地处广袤的戈壁滩上,自然景色奇特,黄土飞扬,尘沙漫天, “醉卧沙场君莫笑,古来征战几人还”的沧桑悲壮与“一川碎石大如斗,随风满地石乱走”的豪迈气象相呼应,又会把人带到“饮马长城窟,水寒伤马骨”的边塞世界里。

布局:环环相套,蔚为壮观

嘉峪关由外城、内城、瓮城三部分组成,环环相套,蔚为壮观。布局坐西向东,背向西域而面向朝廷。整个建筑群的东西中轴线上,分布着四座建筑:文昌阁、东城楼、西城楼、嘉峪关城楼。除了文昌阁两层歇山,另三座城楼均为三层歇山。关城呈不规则四边形,除城门、城台、敌台、垛口等部位用青砖包砌外,其余部分皆由黄土层层夯筑而成。东西城楼之间为内城,城墙高达11米,给人一种固若金汤的感觉。城楼建在城墙上,气宇轩昂。城墙东、西开拱门,东城楼下面为“光化门”,西城楼下面为“柔远门”。东、西门外有瓮城围护。西门外有一同时连接南、北、东三面土筑城墙的罗城,形成外城。关门置于墙底而通向关外。而外城在西南和东北两角又分别和万里长城相连,于是,嘉峪关与五里一燧、十里一墩、三十里一堡、百里一城的明万里长城形成一个整体,共同构筑了一道冷兵器时代坚固的防御体系。

关楼:巍巍高耸,威严如昨

为首一座就是外城西门上的关楼,城墙都由青砖包砌,上设瞭望孔、灯槽、射击孔等防御设施。正中凸出,辟门向西,门额上刻着“嘉峪关”三个大字,此乃嘉峪关之正门,也即当时大明王朝最西边之国门。关楼巍巍高耸,画栋雕梁,飞檐如翼,威严如昨。登楼远眺,但见天高云淡、雪山隐隐、戈壁茫茫,塞上风光尽收眼底。一条长城(实际是一道厚土墙)从关城角楼蜿蜒往南延伸,极目不见尽头。在广阔无垠的戈壁滩中,现在看起来实在显得既细且矮,且已经风霜满脸,岁月留痕,只剩下一串断壁残垣。站在嘉峪关城楼上,面对空旷的戈壁和肃穆的祁连山,心里沧桑而凝重,当年撕杀征战的铁骑、南来北往的商旅,都随着岁月流逝远去了,只留下这么一座孤零零的城楼,像个苍老的战士,聆听着远去的鼓角和战马的嘶鸣。

城楼:光化柔远 一砖定城

嘉峪关内城有东西二门,东为“光化门”,意为紫气东升,光华普照;西为“柔远门”,意为以怀柔而致远,安定西陲。两门均有土筑瓮城回护,站在瓮城中,周围高墙森森,感觉真成了一个不折不扣的瓮中之鳖,也正应了 “敌兵入城,如瓮中捉鳖”之意。瓮城的门向南开,刚好与内城的门成九十度折角,如此设计之巧妙处在于假使敌人攻破瓮城,也无法长驱直入冲击内城大门,城头的守军很快就可将困在瓮城底的敌军射杀殆尽。内城东西门上各有一座高大雄伟的城楼,和城门名称相同,东为“光化楼”,西为“柔远楼”。两座城楼都是三层的木结构建筑,单檐歇山顶,周围设有回廊,高约二十米。西瓮城门楼后檐台上存放着一古墙砖,称为“定城砖”,传说关城建成后仅余一砖,可见古建筑师计算之精确!经数百年风霜雨雪的侵蚀,墙体早已像一位历经沧桑的老人,面上满布着深刻的皱纹,躯体上的创伤更是纵横斑驳,让人沉思。她的雄壮使人感觉壮怀激烈,而她的苍凉又使人黯然神伤。两种如火如冰的感觉激荡胸臆,迸发无限怀古幽思之情。

内城:戏楼悲欢 将府苍桑

从瓮城内穿过“光化门”,就来到了内城。内城皆为黄沙铺地,荒如戈壁,只有东南角几处土丘上古木参天,绿荫匝地。城墙全部用青砖包砌,约有四丈高,城头外侧女墙上有相间分布的垛口和瞭望孔。内城四隅各有一座角楼,平日作瞭望台,战时作敌楼。南北墙居中还增设了一座敌楼,可以从侧面射杀攻城的敌兵。关城内土丘附近建有文昌阁、戏楼、关帝庙等建筑。那座古色古香的戏楼坐南面北,单层歇山顶,四角翘首若飞。戏台约两米高,周围墙壁和顶棚上都绘有五彩的壁画,就像古画展厅。遥想当年那些不远万里离妻别子来此戍边屯田的将士,他们逢年过节坐在台下看着台上“离合悲欢演往事”时又是怎样的一种心情。

两三万平米的内城广场一片空旷,明代建关时所开的一眼官井早已干涸,仅保存有游击将军府一座,建在内城中部的北墙下,坐北向南。这是一处典型的清代四合院,前后两进。前面的院落为办公场所,堂屋是十分宽敞的大厅。从旁边侧门可以进入后面一个院落,这里是游击将军家属居住的内室。游击将军是这里最高军职,住处也如此简陋,外面的士兵更不知该如何艰苦了。

传说:击石燕鸣 凄美感人

东西城门内均有宽阔马道直通城顶,一侧为坡道,供骑马行走,另一半为台阶,供步行上下。信步向东门北侧的坡道入口走去,北侧城台与墙衔接处的拐角墙就是有名的“燕鸣壁”。 “击石燕鸣”的凄美传说就指此处:古时嘉峪关的城门朝启暮闭。某天傍晚,风雨交加,两只在门洞内筑巢安家的燕子晚归时只有雌燕飞入了城门,而雄燕被城门隔在了外面。雄燕“啾啾”地哀鸣着,用头不停撞击城门,竟撞死在城门脚下。雌燕久候雄燕不归,也悲鸣而死。这个传说用一种夸张地手法衬托嘉峪关的险峻,竟连燕子也不能飞过。后来据说嘉峪关内每逢将士出征时,他们的妻子就会成群结队地来到“燕鸣壁”前击石卜凶吉,这更是感人肺腑了。据说用小石块敲击这里的城墙砖,耳边会传来“啾啾”或“叽叽”之声,仿佛燕子归巢时的鸣叫声。数百年来,城墙上已被敲击处显出数个拳头大的深坑。沿着马道登上城头,斜倚在垛口,双手轻抚着古老的青砖,仿佛在小心地触摸着历史的脉搏。“酒泉西望玉门道,千山万碛皆白草。”西面望去,苍凉死寂的戈壁滩直没入茫茫天际,悠悠天地间只余下一丛丛的骆驼草默默地守候着那份象征着生命的绿色。

嘉峪关,严整的古城遗址,壮美的结构布局,雄伟的边城要塞,无疑是中国古建筑之经典!夕阳下祁连雪山如同一条游动的玉龙,银白的鳞甲片片凸起,千里绵亘,不怒而威。而城下的一片戈壁纹丝不动,似乎大敌当前,静观其变。北面的黑山,乱石嶙峋,如生铁铸成一般。两山对峙,嘉峪关雄踞其间,其气势正如林则徐诗云:“严关百尺界天西,万里征人驻马蹄。飞阁遥连秦树直,缭垣斜压陇云低。天山巉削摩肩立,瀚海苍茫入望迷。谁道崤函千古险?回看只见一丸泥。”此时,方能体会到“天下第一雄关”的恢弘壮观!

旅游攻略

交通:嘉峪关市有飞机场、火车站,公路有连霍高速、312国道通过,交通方便快捷。

飞机:嘉峪关机场位于嘉峪关市区东北方向9公里处的新城乡横沟村,每周都有航班飞往北京、兰州、西安等地。目前还没有机场大巴或公交线路相通,只能打车前往,费用约20元。售票处位于嘉峪关宾馆北侧东亚商厦对面。

火车:嘉峪关火车站位于市中心西南5千米的迎宾西路,有乌鲁木齐到兰州、北京、上海、成都、西安、郑州等城市的往来列车经过。往返兰州和嘉峪关是N851/N852,N851是20:50兰州出发,次日7:36抵嘉峪关,N852是20:40嘉峪关出发,次日7:04抵达兰州。

汽车:嘉峪关汽车站位于胜利中路和兰新西路交汇处,每天都有班车发往兰州、武威、金昌、张掖、玉门镇、乌鲁木齐、安西、临夏等地。

住宿:

到嘉峪关旅游,可供选择的宾馆酒店很多,尤其是火车站周边,100多元就可以住上条件很不错的标间。

饮食:

当地颇具代表性的名点小吃有搓鱼面、拉条面、砂锅、馄饨、臊子面、炮仗面、糊锅面筋等,小吃集中在振兴市场美食一条街和镜铁路美食一条街,夏天在建设东路还设有美食夜市。

特产:

嘉峪关当地特产黑山石章、嘉峪石砚、驼绒画、文房四宝等。

周边:

敦煌莫高窟 鸣沙山 东风航天城 额济纳胡杨林

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

作文四:《嘉峪关gre作文范例》18900字

智课网GRE备考资料

嘉峪关gre作文范例

想要提高新gre作文分数,我们就要深入地了解新gre写作要求,大家在备考新gre写作时要熟练掌握新GRE写作题库,懂得如何迎合评卷人的评卷思路,了解评分注重三方面,尽量提高AI部分的写作能力而力保AA部分满分,智课教育小编下面为大家详细介绍一下嘉峪关gre作文范例。

GRE作文范文

"The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

观点陈述型作文/[题目]

"被置于媒体审视下的任何人,其名誉终将受毁损。"

Sample Essay

The intensity of today's media coverage has been greatly magnified by the sheer number and types of media outlets that are available today. Intense petition for the most revealing photographs and the latest information on a

subject has turned even minor media events into so-called "media frenzies". Reporters are forced by the nature of the petition to pry ever deeper for an angle on a story that no one else has been able to uncover. With this type of

media coverage, it does bee more and more likely that anyone who is subjected to it will have his or her reputation tarnished, as no individual is perfect. Everyone makes mistakes. The advances in technology have made much

information easily and instantaneously available. Technology has also made it easier to dig further than ever before into a person's past, increasing the possibility that the subject's reputation may be harmed.

范文正文

当今媒体报道的力度,由于当今时代所能获得的媒体渠道那前所未有的数量和种类,从而被极大地增强。围绕着对最具暴露性的图片及对某一题材最新信息所展开的竞争,使哪怕是次要的媒体事件也转变为所谓的"媒体疯狂"。由于竞争的本质,记者们被迫就某一项报道作深度采访,以其窥探到一个任何其他人都无法揭示的视角。随着这类媒体报道的出现,任何被置于媒体报道之下的人,其名誉越来越有可能被玷污,因为"金无赤金,人无完人"。每个人都有可能犯错误。技术进步使大量的信息在第一瞬间便被轻易获取。技术也使媒体得以比以往任何时候更深入地去挖掘一个人的过去,从而更增加了当事人名誉受损的可能性。

The above statement is much too broad, however. "Anyone" covers all people all over the world. There are people whose reputations have only been enhanced by media scrutiny. There are also people whose reputations were already so poor that media scrutiny could not possibly diminish it any further. There may very well be people that have done nothing wrong in the past, at least that can be discovered by the media, whose reputations could not be diminished by media scrutiny. To broadly state that "anyone" subjected to media coverage will have his or her status sullied implies that everyone's reputation worldwide is susceptible to damage under any type of media scrutiny. What about children, particularly newborn children? What about those people whose past is entirely unknown?

然则,上述陈述涵盖面过于宽泛。"任何人"涵盖了世界上所有的人。有些人的名誉反而会因为媒体的聚焦而陡然显赫起来。也有些人,其名声早就如此之糟糕,以致于媒体的聚焦再也无法让它受到更坏的毁损。笼统地陈述受媒体报道的"任何人"均会使其地位被玷污,这暗示着全球每个人的名声在任何种类的媒体聚焦下均易于遭诟病。那么,对于天真无辜的孩子们,尤其新生婴儿,情况会如何?对于那些其过去根本无人知晓的人来说,情况又会是什么样呢?

Another problem with such a broad statement is that it does not define the particular level of media scrutiny. Certainly there are different levels of media coverage. Does merely the mention of one's name in a newspaper

constitute media scrutiny? What about the coverage of a single event in someone's life, for example a wedding or the birth of a baby? Is the media coverage of the heroic death of a firefighter or police officer in the line of duty ever going to diminish that person's reputation? It seems highly unlikely that in these examples, although these people may have been subjected to media scrutiny, these individual's reputations are undamaged and potentially enhanced by such exposure.

对于这样一项笼统的陈述而言,它的另一个问题是没能明晰界定媒体聚焦的具体程度。媒体的报道毫无疑问存在程度上的差别。只在报纸上提及一个人的名字,是否算作媒体聚焦?对某人一生中单独一次事件(如婚礼或孩子出生)的报道这也算媒介聚焦吗?媒体对消防队员或警官因公而死的英雄壮举进行报道,难道也会毁损该人的名声吗?在这些实例中,其名声受损的事情极不可能发生。虽然这些人可能被置于媒体审视之下,但其名声却会完好无损,且潜在地可因这些披露而得以提高。

Without a doubt, there are many examples of individual's whose reputations have been diminished by media scrutiny. The media's uncovering of former U.S. President Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky will most likely overshadow the entire eight years of his administration. Basketball superstar Michael Jordan's sterling reputation has been

tarnished more than once by the media; first by media coverage of his gambling habits, then most recently (and in a much more harmful manner) by news reports of his marital infidelities and the divorce from his wife of thirteen years. Fame and fortune can turn an ordinary individual into a media target where reporters will stop at almost nothing to "dig up dirt" that will sell more newspapers or entice more viewers to watch a television program. It could even be

argued that media scrutiny killed Princess Diana as her car sped away from the privacy-invading cameras of reporters in Paris. There is no doubt that there are a large number of people who have been hurt in one way or another by particularly intense media scrutiny.

毫无疑问,也有许多例子能证明一个人的名声会被媒体审视所毁损。媒体对美国前总统Bill Clinton与Monica Lewinsky的风流韵事的揭露极有可能会将其八年的执政生涯置于阴影之中。超级篮球明星Michael Jordan一世英名也被媒体不止一次地玷污,首先是被有关其赌习的媒体报道,其次是最近--且以一种更具致命性伤害的方式--被有关他婚姻不忠以及与其结婚13年的妻子分道扬镳的报道。当媒体记者不择手段去挖掘某些可促使其报纸销量大增的"猛料"时,或去诱惑更多的观众观看某一电视节目时,名和利就会将一个普通人转变为媒体追踪的目标。我们甚至可以提出这样一种论点,即正是媒体的审视将Diana王妃置于死地,随着她的汽车去竭力逃脱巴黎街头的记者们那侵犯隐私的相机镜头。毫无疑问,肯定有许多人被极其强烈的媒体聚焦以一种方式或另一种方式所伤害。

In summary, it seems impossible that for every person that is subjected to media scrutiny, his or her reputation will eventually be diminished. Millions of people are mentioned in the media every day yet still manage to go about their lives unhurt by the media. Normal individuals that are subjected to media scrutiny can have their reputation either

enhanced or damaged depending on the circumstances surrounding the media coverage. The likelihood of a diminished reputation from the media rises proportionally with the level of notoriety that an individual possesses and the

outrageousness of that person's behavior. The length of time in the spotlight can also be a determining factor, as the longer the person is examined in the media, the greater the possibility that damaging information will be discovered or that the individual will do something to disparage his or her reputation. But to broadly state that media scrutiny will diminish anyone's reputation is to overstate the distinct possibility that, given a long enough time and a certain level of intensity of coverage, the media may damage a person's reputation.

(766words)

归纳而言,对于每个被置于媒体审视的人来说,其名声将最终受到毁损似乎并不可能。每天,有数百万人被媒体提到,但他们仍设法我行我素,不为媒体所伤害。被置于媒体审视之下的普通人,其名声或可得到提高,或可蒙受毁损,取决于围绕着媒体报道的具体情况。一个人的名声受媒体毁损的可能性,与所其拥有的臭名昭著的程度,及其行为的令人厌恶程度成正比。受媒体关注的时间长短同样也是一个决定性因素,因为一个人被媒体审视的时间越长,于他名声不利的信息越有可能被抖落出来,或者该人越有可能去做出某些于其名声不利的事情。但只是笼统地陈述媒体的审视终将毁掉一个人的名声,即是过分夸大这样一种显著的可能性,即在足够长的时间和一度程度的报道力度这两个条件下,媒体是有可能毁掉一个人的名声的。

"对历史的研究只有与我们日常生活相关才有其价值"。

GRE作文范文

Issue

"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual petition does."

Sample Essay

Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of "synergy", where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.

Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic "Type A" personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly petitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their

effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.

Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.

Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team

works together towards a mon goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole "sum" but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.

Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group posed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.

Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with

others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to acplish tasks effectively and efficiently.

观点陈述型作文/[题目]

"当人们以团队的形式工作时,要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效。团队的协同工作需要相互合作,它比个人竞争更能激励人们。"

范文正文

总体而言,团队的协同工作自然能通过"增效作用"(Synergy)这一理念而带来更高程度的整体生产效率,因为在这里,整体大于个体相加之总和。然则,"当人们以团队的形式工作时,要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效"这一观念注定会产生巨大差异,取决于所组织起来的团队的类别,团队与个人所能获得的终极回报或激励,以及个人本身。

关于个人,有些人天生就具有获取成功的欲望,无论他们所面临的情形或任务是什么。这些人会演变为工作狂这一经典的"A类"人格,因为受到一股内心的热火所驱使,这股热火时刻告诉他们必须不停地"有所事事",无论是作为个人抑或是作为团队的一分子。另一些人则可能希望不必那么多地介入社会,或者他们倾向于与其他人激烈竞争。对这些人而言,作为个人,他们工作起来会最富有成效,因为由于他们根本就不想成为任何团队的一部分,与他人合作便会限制他们的效率。这一思想倾向是否与生俱有,还是随着时间的推移而形成,这都无关紧要。这仅仅只是他们的一种生存状态,无论是动机还是回报,都无法在其内心深处激发起作为一个团队集体工作的欲望。

有些人,由于社会互动以及与他人协作去实现某种集体努力的欲望,而具有极强的动机。显然,这些个人在作为团队的一部分进行工作时,他们便会处在其最富有成效的状态。组织行为学研究表明,亚洲文化更有可能形成此类集体性行为,与那种常和西方文化联系在一起的较为个人主义的行为构成对比。这样,人们自然会认为,某些文化价值观可以决定人们是否作为个人还是作为团队的一部分工作起来最富有成效。

Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team

works together towards a mon goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole "sum" but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.

Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group posed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.

Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with

others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to acplish tasks effectively and efficiently.

观点陈述型作文/[题目]

"当人们以团队的形式工作时,要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效。团队的协同工作需要相互合作,它比个人竞争更能激励人们。"

范文正文

总体而言,团队的协同工作自然能通过"增效作用"(Synergy)这一理念而带来更高程度的整体生产效率,因为在这里,整体大于个体相加之总和。然则,"当人们以团队的形式工作时,要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效"这一观念注定会产生巨大差异,取决于所组织起来的团队的类别,团队与个人所能获得的终极回报或激励,以及个人本身。

关于个人,有些人天生就具有获取成功的欲望,无论他们所面临的情形或任务是什么。这些人会演变为工作狂这一经典的"A类"人格,因为受到一股内心的热火所驱使,这股热火时刻告诉他们必须不停地"有所事事",无论是作为个人抑或是作为团队的一分子。另一些人则可能希望不必那么多地介入社会,或者他们倾向于与其他人激烈竞争。对这些人而言,作为个人,他们工作起来会最富有成效,因为由于他们根本就不想成为任何团队的一部分,与他人合作便会限制他们的效率。这一思想倾向是否与生俱有,还是随着时间的推移而形成,这都无关紧要。这仅仅只是他们的一种生存状态,无论是动机还是回报,都无法在其内心深处激发起作为一个团队集体工作的欲望。

有些人,由于社会互动以及与他人协作去实现某种集体努力的欲望,而具有极强的动机。显然,这些个人在作为团队的一部分进行工作时,他们便会处在其最富有成效的状态。组织行为学研究表明,亚洲文化更有可能形成此类集体性行为,与那种常和西方文化联系在一起的较为个人主义的行为构成对比。这样,人们自然会认为,某些文化价值观可以决定人们是否作为个人还是作为团队的一部分工作起来最富有成效。

Topic

GRE作文范文

Issue

"Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."

Sample Essay

To the extent that contemporary culture is, by definition, current, it does have a much more immediate impact on students and people in general than do the arts and literature of the past. Contemporaneous events directly affect everyone alive at the time because they are occurring at precisely the same time as the individual's existence. But to paraphrase a famous philosopher: "Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it." To a great extent, past arts and literature shape who we are as people at least as much as, if not more than, contemporary culture does.

Everyone alive today is affected in one way or another by the events of the past. Past events have directly led to the way that the world is shaped today. The arts and literature are one of the most well-preserved and documented resources that can give us a direct link into what actually happened in the past. Consider the religious writings of the Bible, the Koran and those of Confucius, as well as those related to Buddhism, Hinduism and all other religions. These writings directly relate to, and in some cases to a great extent control, the behavior of human beings today even though most were written hundreds if not thousands of years ago. Artworks relating to these religions also have a profound effect. Consider Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, or the vast myriad of historic Buddhist statues throughout Asia, or the ancient Muslim mosques throughout the Middle East and Central Asia. It would be difficult to argue that contemporary culture has more relevance to today's students when pared with the relevance of these examples of past arts and literature.

At times it is difficult to determine what exactly is the difference between contemporary culture and the arts and literature of the past. Shakespeare's classic writings are continuously being adapted into current movies that are often big hits with students and the general population as a whole. Millions of people every year view classic works of art in museums all over the world. Readings of religious texts have never gone out of style with a large part of the world's population. Clashes between centuries-old cultures and religions, such as that of Western countries and Islamic

extremists and that of Hindus and Muslims in India, demonstrate that the religious artifacts that could be called arts and literature of the past are very much a part of contemporary culture.

While the past can certainly not be ignored, a large part of what students must learn at university is based on contemporary culture. Most religious learning, at least of one's own religion, occurs either at home or early on in a student's education. At the university level, studies of politics, business and the puter sciences must deal in great detail with the latest advances in contemporary culture in order to remain up to date and relevant. Other subjects, such as mathematics, agriculture, and the arts and literature themselves look largely to the past for the core knowledge that is taught in these courses. The application of these lessons from the past are entirely appropriate to help put

contemporary culture into some type of historical context that can help students to understand and prehend the rapidly changing world that they are living in.

It would seem self-evident that a properly educated university student must find a balance between studying

contemporary culture without neglecting the study of arts and literature of the past. The study of one is not mutually

exclusive of the study of the other. The benefits of a well-rounded education e from not only knowing the state of the world as it exists today but also in knowing how the world arrived at this stage of development in the first place.

观点陈述型作文/[题目]

"学院和大学应该开设更多通俗音乐、电影、广告和电视方面的课程,因为当代文化要比昔日的艺术和文学对于学生具有远为密切的联系。"

范文正文

只要当代文化--依照其定义--具有当代性,它无疑比昔日的艺术和文学对学生乃至普通大众具有一种远为直接的影响。同时代的事件会直接影响到生活在那一时代的每一个人,因为它们的发生与这个人的生存正值同时。但这里我们可以复述一位著名哲学家的话,"那些无法从历史中汲取教训者注定会重蹈覆辙"。在相当大的程度上,昔日的艺术和文学造就了我们现如今的情状,其作用即使并不甚于当代文化,至少与当代文化相同。 生活于当今时代的每个人以一种或另一种方式深受过去事件的影响。昔日的事件直接导致了世界目前的运转方式。艺术和文学是保存和记载得最为完善的一种资源,它们能使我们与过去实际发生过的事情直接联系起来。 不妨考虑一下《圣经》,《可兰经》一类的宗教著作,孔子的著述,以及那些与佛教、印度教和所有其他宗教相关的著作。这些直接地与当今时代人们的行为相关,并在某些情形中在相当大的程度上控制着当今时代人们的行为,虽然它们大多数创作于数百年、甚至数千年之前。与这些宗教相关的艺术品同样也产生了深远的影响。我们不妨考虑一下梵蒂冈西斯廷教堂内米开朗琪罗的作品,或遍布亚洲的无数具有历史性意义的佛教像,或者散布在整个中东和中亚地区的古代穆斯林清真寺。与这些过去的艺术和文学实例的相关性相比,当代文化被说成与当今学生更密切相关,这一论点是难以成立的。

有些时候,人们难以确定当代文化与过去的艺术和文学的差异究竟何在。莎士比亚的经典之作不断地被改编成当代电影,常常能成为学生和普通大众的大热门。每年,全世界数百万人在博物馆观赏古典艺术作品。宗教文本的阅读对于世界相当大的一部分人口而言从来就不失为一种风尚。数个世纪古老的文化与宗教之间的冲突,如西方国家与伊斯兰极端主义者之间的冲突,以及印度国内印度教徒与穆斯林教徒之间的冲突,例证着那些可被称为昔日艺术和文学的宗教事物在很大程度上实乃当代文化的一部分。

虽然过去无疑不能被淡忘,但学生在大学中所学内容,很大一部分是基于当代文化的。大多数宗教学习,至少一个人自身的宗教的学习,或始于家庭,或始于学生受教育的早期。在大学这一层次上,对政治、商科以及计算机科学的学习,与当代文化中的最新进步深深相涉,以便使人与时俱进,与时代紧密相关。其它的学科,如数学、农业、艺术与文学,很大程度上是从过去的源泉获取这些课程中所传授的核心知识。这些来自过去的课程的应用完全是恰当的,有助于将当代文化置于某种历史架构之中,去帮助学生领略和理解他们所生活于其中的那个变化迅速的世界。

有一点似乎是不证自明的,即一个受过恰当教育的大学生必须在学习当代文化与不偏废昔日艺术和文学之间寻找到某种平衡。对两者的学习并非互为排斥。一种综合全面的教育,其益处不仅在于让人知道当今世界所处的状态,而且亦在于首先要让人弄清世界是何以抵达目前这一发展阶段的。

Sample Essay

本文